MLA &
APA Style
Creating
Your Citation |
|
The College
of St. Scholastica Library Lab
Worksheet
Two: The Reference Collection |
Earlier, when we discussed the
statement of authorship, we saw that many of the authors of the individual
articles appearing in subject encyclopedias hold advanced degrees in their
particular area of specialization. So do the editors of the encyclopedia
(this is why in MLA style, the editor is also given credit). Besides selecting
the individuals who will write the various article, and providing quality
control over the work the authors produce, the editor has the responsibility
of showing how various ideas presented within an encyclopedia relate to
each other. This is done through cross-references.
Simply put, a cross-reference
is a recommendation by the editor that you should read other articles within
the encyclopedia set to get a better overall picture of your topic.
Cross-references are sometimes
call "see" or "see also" references.
Cross-references can appear
in various places within the article, such as:
| At the end of the
article |
Usually between the text of
the article and the bibliography - this is often the most common way of
presenting cross-references. |
| Within the text of the article |
This is the other common way
cross-references are presented. In this case, the cross-reference is in
bold-face
in
order to call your attention to it. Sometimes the indicated by it being
presented in all capital CROSS-REFERENCE is letters. Other times, the (Cross-reference)
appears in parentheses within in the text of the article. |
| Other forms of cross-references |
As you will discover when you
start to examine the bibliographies of different articles, publishers do
not follow the proper rules of citations, or any type of standardized form
when they create such things as cross-references. Therefore, sometimes
the cross-references appear at the beginning of the article, and not the
end. Never underestimate the ability of a publisher to think of a "better"
way to do it. |
|
In the article “Midwivery: Overview,”
from the Encyclopedia of Childbearing: Critical Perspectives, the
cross-references are in a separate paragraph, coming at the end of the
article, but before the bibliography -
… needs unmet by other
care providers and developing protocols and training that will perhaps
make them more accessible to the mainstream of American women.
*CAROLYN STEIGER, C.M.
See
also: Evolution of Human Birth; Midwife Licensing; Midwife- Attended
Births; Midwifery and the Law; Midwives, Southern Black; Nurse-Midwifery:
History in the United States; Obstet-rics, History of; Social Science Research
on American Childbirth Practices. |
The Gale Encyclopedia of
Nursing & Allied Health used a different way of indicating cross
references. Here is an example from the article “Nurse midwifery.”
Nurse midwifery
Definition
Nurse
midwifery is a profession that independently functions within the health
care system. Nurse midwives manage the different stages of women’s health
from pregnancy,
to childbirth
through the postpartum period, as well as meeting women’s gynecological
needs during the menopausal and post-menopausal periods … |
In this example, cross-reference
come within the text. They are in boldface type, and the font style is
different.
Remember, each publisher creates
their own style of cross-references.
Webpage designers face many
of the problems of organization that print publishers do. In a webpage,
a cross-reference is called a "target" – it leads you to other information
within the webpage. Often webpages have a list of "links" to other web
pages - information that is external to the original webpage. This, in
one sense, could be seen as the function of a bibliography.
5a.
Does the article have any cross-references? [“See” or “see also”,
or some other way of indicating to you where related information within
the encyclopedia can be found] _____ Yes _____
No
If so, list one:
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